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芳雜環(huán)間接氟化法

給大家分享一下芳雜環(huán)間接氟化方法,如鹵素交換法、Balz-Schiemann法等



鹵素交換法


缺電子芳香烴可以通過(guò)芳環(huán)親和取代反應(yīng)引入氟原子,工業(yè)上常用的芳香氟取代的方法是通過(guò)鹵原子交換法,鹵原子作為離去基團(tuán),同時(shí)用便宜、易得的KF作為無(wú)機(jī)親和取代氟源。

2008年,Grushin等報(bào)道了用四甲基氟化銨(TMAF)作為氟源與溴苯進(jìn)反應(yīng)以65%收率制備相應(yīng)的氟苯化合物[1]。


另外,Jayaram R. Tagat等人[2]報(bào)道了通過(guò)溴萘與正丁基鋰反應(yīng)生成相應(yīng)的鋰鹽,再與NFSI反應(yīng)制備相應(yīng)的氟代萘化物。

實(shí)例:


5-Fluoro-1-naphthalenecarboxylic Acid, 1,1-DimethylethylEster (13). A stirred solution of 11 (0.42 g; 1.4 mmol) in THF (14 mL) was cooled to -78 °C under nitrogen. n-Butyllithium(1.6 M in hexanes, 1.1 mL, 1.8mmol) was added, and the resulting solution was stirred for 1.5 min, followed by addition of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (0.86 g; 2.7 mmol). After stirring for 30 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The aqueous component was extracted with Et2O, and the combined organics were dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product 12 was identified by 1H NMR as a 2/1 mixture of 5-F/5-H compounds. FSGC (toluene aseluent) resulted in 157 mg of 13 (46% yield).



 


Balz-Schiemann法


Bazl-Schiemann 反應(yīng)是指芳基重氮氟硼酸鹽受熱分解得到氟代芳香基化合物的反應(yīng),是制備芳香族氟化物的經(jīng)典反應(yīng)。


Bazl-Schiemann 反應(yīng)其實(shí)經(jīng)歷兩步反應(yīng),第一步反應(yīng)是芳胺與亞硝酸鈉反應(yīng)重氮化,反應(yīng)結(jié)束后加入過(guò)量的氟硼酸析出芳香重氮氟硼酸鹽,過(guò)濾收集芳香重氮氟硼酸鹽,小心洗滌和干燥;第二步是將干燥好的芳香重氮氟硼酸鹽直接或?qū)⑵浞稚⒂诙栊越橘|(zhì)中加熱分解產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的芳香族氟代物。

實(shí)例:



 o-Bromobenzenediazoniumhexafluorophosphate. A solution of 95 mL of 12N hydrochloric acid in 650 ml of water is added with stirring to 60 g of o-bromoaniline(0.35 mole) in a 2-L, three-necked flask equipped with stirrer and thermometer. Solution is effected by heating the mixture on a steambath. A solution of 29 g(0.42 mole) of sodium nitrite in 75 ml of water is added with stirring while the mixture is maintained at ?5 to ?10 °C by means of a bath of ice and salt or of dry ice and acetone. At the end of the addition there is an excess of nitrous acid, which can be detected with starch iodide paper. Seventy-four milliliters (134 g, 0.60 mole) of 65% hexafluorophosphoric acid is added in one portion, with vigorous stirring, to the cold solution of the diazonium salt. Cooling and slow stirring are continued for an additional 30 minutes, and the precipitated diazonium hexafluorophosphate is then collected on a Büchnerfunnel. The diazonium salt is washed on the funnel with 300 ml of coldwater and with a solution of 80 ml of methanol in 320 ml of ether. The salt is partly dried by drawing air through the funnel for 2 hours. It is then transferred to a pile of several filterpapers, powdered with a spatula, and dried at about 25 °C for at least 12hours. The dried o-bromobenzenediazoniumhexafluorophosphate is cream-colored; weight 108–111 g. (94–97%);m.p. 151–156 °C.


 

盡管Balz-Schiemann反應(yīng)在基礎(chǔ)研究和合成應(yīng)用上都有較大用途,但它仍有一些顯著缺點(diǎn):1)產(chǎn)率不穩(wěn)定,難再現(xiàn);2)反應(yīng)的完成受環(huán)上其它取代基的影響明顯;3)分解過(guò)程的副反應(yīng)使產(chǎn)品的純度和收率降低,副反應(yīng)包括和三氟化硼反應(yīng)以及和游離基反應(yīng)及偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)等。

一個(gè)改進(jìn)的方法是苯胺與NOBF4發(fā)生重氮化[3],然后定位發(fā)生氟代反應(yīng),這不但提高了氟代反應(yīng)的收率,也拓寬了Balz-Schiemann反應(yīng)的應(yīng)用范圍。



常用方法匯總


除了上述幾類較為經(jīng)典的氟化方法外,本文為大家總結(jié)一下其它的幾類氟化方法:

[1]. Grushin, V.V.; Marshall, W. J. Organometallics 2008, 27,4825.

[2]. Guowei Zhou,et.al., J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 1171.

[3]. Milner, D.J. Synth. Commun. 1992, 22, 73.

來(lái)源:覽博網(wǎng)


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