三苯甲基(Trt)是50年代開始用于多肽合成的,現(xiàn)在體積大的Trt被用于保護各種氨基,如氨基酸、青霉素、頭孢霉素等。N-Trt-α-氨基酸的酯不能發(fā)生水解,需要較強的去保護條件,α-質(zhì)子同樣不易被脫去,這意味著,在分子中其他地方的酯可以選擇性的水解。
Trt的立體位阻的影響還表現(xiàn)在接肽反應(yīng)中,Trt-氨基酸(除Trt-Gly和Trt-Ala以外)一般不能采用混合酸酐法接肽,Trt-氨基酸的酯不能水解,也就不能用疊氮法接肽,而只能采用DCC這類方法來接肽。但Trt的立體位阻只表現(xiàn)在對Trt-氨基酸的反應(yīng)影響上,Trt-肽則不存在這個問題,因此對長鏈肽的末端氨基的保護來說,Trt還是可用的,特別是對于帶有含硫氨基酸的肽來說,由于不能采用催化氫解來實現(xiàn)Cbz和Boc之間的選擇性脫去,采用Trt則將有其有利之處。
三苯甲基的引入
由于Trt有很大的立體位阻,除氨基酸側(cè)鏈很小的Trt-甘氨酸酯以外,一般的Trt-氨基酸酯都難以皂化,而用很強烈的條件(如高溫)則有引起消旋的危險。因此Trt的引入一般是采用以下反應(yīng)來實現(xiàn)的。
盡管可采用先制得Trt-氨基酸芐酯,然后控制吸收1.1當量的氫選擇性氫解的方法,但由于總有部分Trt被氫化,因此需要除去所生成的自由氨基酸副產(chǎn)物。玉置等人曾經(jīng)提出,將氨基酸懸浮與CHCl3中,加入2.2當量的Trt-Cl和2.2當量的Et3N,攪拌反應(yīng)5-10小時先生成Trt-氨基酸三苯甲酯,然后用HCl/HOAc處理5-20分鐘脫去三苯甲酯而得到Trt-氨基酸。另一個辦法是用肽的酯同Trt-Cl反應(yīng)得到Trt-肽酯,后者容易皂化而不存在Trt的立體位阻作用。吡咯、吡唑和咪唑等也可用類似反應(yīng)容易地得到良好產(chǎn)率的Trt-衍生物。另外,利用Trt-Cl/Me3SiCl/Et3N和Trt-Cl/TMSCl/Et3N也容易得到Trt-氨基酸。
反應(yīng)實例
氨基酸的三苯甲基的引入示例
Hoffman, Robert V; Maslouh, Najibet al., J. Org. Chem.,2002, 67(4), 1045-1056
Chlorotrimethylsilane (1.27 mL,10.0 mmol) was added at room temperature to a stirred suspension of an compound 1 (1.61 g, 10.0mmol) in 18 mL of CHCl3/MeCN (5:1). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 h andthen cooled to 0 °C.Dropwise addition of triethylamine (2.79 mL, 20.0 mmol) was followed by asolution of trityl chloride (2.79 g,10.0 mmol) in chloroform (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h,and then methanol (2 mL) was added. After concentration, the pale yellowresidue was partitioned between diethyl ether and water. The aqueous layer wasextracted twice with diethyl ether (20 mL). The combined organic layers weredried (MgSO4) and concentrated to give compound 2 (2.14 g, 53%), which was used for the next step withoutfurther purification.
氨基醇的三苯甲基的引入示例
Gros, Christel;Boulegue, Cyril et al., Tetrahedron, 2002,58(13), 2673-2680
Aminoalcohol 1 (2.15 g,12.3 mmol) and Et3N were dissolved in dry CH2Cl2(60 mL). To the ice-bath cooled preceding solution, trityl chloride (3.43 g, 12.3 mmol) dissolved in CH2Cl2(20 mL) was added dropwise over 15 min. After stirring 1 h at rt, the solventwas evaporated. The residue dissolved in AcOEt (100 mL) and followed by a flashcolumn chromatography purification (AcOEt/cyclohexane 80:20) to afford alcohol 2 as an oil in: 83% yield.
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